BECK'S TRIAD

described  in CARDIAC TAMPONADE

Includes

1. Distended Neck Veins.

2. Diminished BP

3. Distant Heart sounds.

TRILOGY OF FALLOT

1.Atrial Septal Defect  (------ not VSD.)

2. Pulmonary Infundibular Stenosis.

3. Right Ventricular Hypertrophy.

Stemmer's Sign

Stemmer's sign is seen in lower limb lymphedema, where it is unable to pinch skin over the edematous part.

Pentalogy of Fallot - Components

1. Ventricular Septal Defect

2. Overriding of Aorta 

3. Pulmonary Infundibular Stenosis

4. Right Ventricular Hypertrophy

5. ASD - Atrial Septal Defect

Components of Tetralogy of Fallot

1. Ventricular Septal Defect

2. Overriding of Aorta 

3. Pulmonary Infundibular Stenosis

4. Right Ventricular Hypertrophy

SCIENTISTS and their contribution to the Medical field

Names of Scientists and their contributions to the medical field

1. Mustard's operation - Atrial Septostomy ------ TGA

2. Rashkind's Balloon Septostomy ------ TGA

3. Rashkind Umbrella----Minimally invasive procedure for PDA.

/* Ivalon Plug also used */

4. Gibbon - Cardiopulmonary Bypass.

5. Alexis Carrel - Vascular Anostomosis.

6. Favorolo - First coronary Bypass.

7. Christian Bernard - First successful human heart transplant.

8. Matas - Aneurysm Surgery.

9. Greenfield - IVC Filter

/* Mobbin- Uddin Umbrella Filter Also */ 

10. Heller's Operation - Achalasia Cardia - Cardiomyotomy.

11. Ramsteadt's Pyloromyotomy- IHPSS.

12. Dohlman's Operation - for Zenker's / Pharyngo-Esophagial Diverticulum.

13. Duhamel's Operation - for Hirschprung's Disease.

14. Palma's Operation : in Iliac Vein Occlusion / Thrombosis - Bypass.

15. Palomo's Operation : Extraperitoneal ligation of testicular vein for treatment of varicocoele.

To Be Continued...

Follow the Blog to keep you updated...

Signs in Radiology

1. Rabbit Ear Sign : Bilateral Subdural Hematomas in CT (Both frontal horns pointing poateriorly).

2. Dawson's Fingers : Multiple Sclerosis - MRI Brain (the result of inflammation around long axis of medularry veins)

3. Light Bulb sign - In posterior dislocation of shoulder.

4. Golden-S-Sign : Right upper lobe collapse in Chest X Ray.

5. 'Bat Wing Deformity of cerebral ventricles on CT/MRI - Agenesis of Corpus Callosum.

(AIIMS Nov'07 Expln)

6. 'Moth Eaten appearance' in V/Q Scan - Lung ----> Seen in BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS.

(AIIMS Nov'07 Expln)

7. 'Reticular Pattern' in Chest CT ---> Follicular Bronchitis. (AIIMS Nov'07 Expln)

8. 'Sandstorm Appearance' or sand like appearance in Chest Radiography --> Seen in Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis (P.A.M).

(AIIMS Nov'07 Expln)

9. Deep white matter lesion with bilateral bright thalami on C.T.--> KRABBE's Disease (Globoid Leukodystrophy).

(AIIMS NOV'07 Q)

10. Looser's Zones or Pseudofractures : Classically seen in Osteomalacia. (Also seen in Paget's, Fibrous Dysplasia, and osteoporosis)

11. Protusio Acetabuli and Triradiate Pelvis - Osteomalacia.

12. Rugger Jersey Spine - Osteopetrosis / Albers-Schonberg Disease /Marble Bone Disease and in Renal Osteodystrophy.

----------------------Congential Cardiac Diseases : Chest Radiography--------------------------------

13. Boot shaped heart / Cor en Sabot --- Tetralogy of Fallot.

14. Box Shaped Heart --- Ebstein's Anomaly.

15. Snowman Appearance / Figure of 8 Appearance - TAPVC (Asked 2 times in May 08 AIIMS)

16. Figure of 3 / Reverse Figure of 3 --- Coarctation of Aorta.

17. Goose Neck Sign --- Endocardial Cushion Defects.

18. Sitting Duck Sign --- Patent Truncus Arteriosus.

19. Scimitar Sign --- PAPVC - Partial Anomalous Pulm Venous Return.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

20. Scimitar Sacrum ---- Presacral Meningomyelocole.

21. Floating water Lily sign ---- Hydatid Cyst of Liver.

------------ Pulmonary Thromboembolism------------------------------------------------------------

22. Westermark's Sign --- Focal area of oligemia d/t vasoconstriction distal to embolus.

23. Palla's Sign -- Enlarged Right Descending Pulmonary Artery.

24. Hampton's Hump --- Peripheral Wedge shaped opacity in CXR d/t pulmonary infarct.

25. Fleischner Sign -- Local widening of artery d/t impaction.

26. Knuckle Sign -- Abrupt tapering of Occluded vessel distally.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pgmeenotes by dv.

Components of Horner's Syndrome

Remember the components of Horner's Syndrome as 'MAPLE' *

1. Miosis

2. Anhidrosis (/ Facial Hypohydrosis)

3. Ptosis

4. Loss of Ciliospinal Reflex

5. Enophthalmos.


* Note : The 17th Edition Harrison mentions only about the first three 'MAP'.

Medical Eponyms Letter Z

447. Zahn - lines of is thrombi formed within a cardiac chamber or the aorta - may have apparent laminations - produced by alternating layers of paler platelets admixed with some fibrin - separated by darker layers containing more red cells.
448. Zenker’s diverticulum is a pharyngeal diverticulum from premature contraction of the cricopharyngeus muscle on swallowing - leads to progressive UES narrowing - leading to a posteriorly directed hypopharynx; causes progressive food stasis and dysphagia.
449. Zieve’s syndrome is jaundice - hyperlipemia - and hemolytic anemia in alcoholic liver disease; described in 1958.


These eponyms are collected and compiled from various websites and textbooks, and from pg guides.

Find more at :-

1. Andrew Yee's site : http://eponyms.net
This is a good site which gives lot more than what is given here.

2. www.whonamedit.com
I would say this is the online Bible of eponyms.

Medical Eponyms Letter Y

445. Young’s syndrome is clinical features similar to cystic fibrosis - including bronchiectasis - sinusitis - and obstructive azoospermia - but don’t have increased sweat chloride values - nor pancreatic insufficiency - nor abnormal nasal potential differences - nor the CF delta F508 mutation; affected individuals are often middle-aged males identified during evaluation for infertility.
446. Yuzpe regimen is ethinyl estradiol 100 mcg and levonorgestrel 0.5 mg taken twice -12 hours apart - reduces number of anticipated pregnancies by 75-80%.

Medical Eponyms Letter W

421. Wada test is test for hemispheric dominance for language by injecting amobarbital into carotid artery.
422. Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia is marked by diffuse - leukemia-like infiltration of the bone marrow by lymphocytes - plasma cells - and hybrid forms that synthesize a monoclonal IgM - leading to macroglobulinemia; disease of old age - macroglubilinemia giving rise to visual impairment - neurologic problems - bleeding - cryoglobulinemia; hyperviscosity.
423. Wallenberg syndrome is infarction in posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) - lateral medulla 1. lesion in nucleus ambiguus - difficulty in swallowing and hoarseness - loss of gag reflex 2. vestibular nucleus - dizziness and nystagmus 3. trigeminal - loss of pain and temperature on ipsilateral 4. inferior cerebellar peduncle - ipsilateral limb ataxia 5. anterolateral system - reduced pain and temperature on contralateral limb 6. ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome hiccup - for reasons not known solitary nucleus may also be destroyed - leading to loss of taste on ipsilateral half of tongue.
424. Wallerian degeneration is pattern of degeneration of distal portion of nerve following axonal injury with break down of axon and formation of myelin ovoids from catabolized axon fragments.
425. Warthin-Finkeldey cells is in measles pneumonia - cells with multiple nuclei and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions.
426. Watson-Schwartz reaction is screening test for porphobilinogen (elevated for example in acute intermittent porphyria); mixing 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde with urine and then extract with chloroform; porphobilinogen extracts into upper aqueous layer giving it a pink color and urobilinogen extracts into chloroform layer; 50% positive at urinary concentration 5x upper limit of normal and consistently positive 10-20x upper limit of normal.
427. Weber test is 512 Hz tuning fork placed on patient’s forehead; sound localizes towards side with conductive hearing loss; localizes away from the side with soensorineural loss.
428. Weibel-Palade bodies are found only in endothelial cells of vessels larger than capillaries; granules contain von Willebrand’s factor (VIII) and P-selectin.
429. Weil’s disease is severe form of leptospirosis with hepatic dysfunction - renal dysfunction - and hemorrhage.
430. Wenckebach block is second-degree AV blcok - Mobitz type I.
431. Werdnig-Hoffman syndrome is spinal muscular atrophy type I - autosomal recessive lower motor neuron disease - survival motor neuron protein affected (linked to 5q11.2-13.3) - presents between birth and 6 months of age - death before 2 y.o.
432. Werner’s syndrome is a form of progeria characterized by scleroderma-like skin changes (especially in extremities) - bilateral juvenile cataracts - subcutaneous calcifications - wizened and prematurely-aged facies - hypogonadism - and diabetes mellitus; autosomal recessive inheritance; from mutation in RecQ helicase.
433. Wernicke’s area is important cortical center for recognizing speech - found in the superior temporal gyrus; communicates with Broca’s area with arcuate fasciulus.
434. Westermark Sign, is a sign that represents a focus of oligemia (vasoconstriction) seen distal to a pulmonary embolus (PE).[1] While the chest x-ray is abnormal in the majority of PE cases, the Westermark sign is seen in only 2% of patients. The sign results from a combination of: 1. the dilation of the pulmonary arteries proximal to the embolus and 2.the collapse of the distal vasculature creating the appearance of a sharp cut off on chest radiography.
435. Wickham’s striae is in lichen planus - papules are highlighted by a shiny surface with a lacy white pattern.
436. Williams’s syndrome is supravalvular aortic stenosis - mental retardation - elfin facies - association with hypercalcemia due to abnormal sensitivity to vitamin D - idiopathic hypercalcemia of pregnancy - loquacious personality - abnormally sensitive hearing; from deletion in elastin gene and probably several adjacent genes.
437. Willis - circle of is cerebral arterial circle - an anastomosis between the two vertebral and two internal carotid arteries.
438. Wilson’s disease is hepatolenticular degeneration due to mutation in gene involved in incorporation of copper into ceruloplasmin and excretion of copper into bile; Kayser-Fleischer ring; gene on chr 13 - cation transporting P-type ATPase; incidence 1:200 -000 - diagnosis based on decrease in serum ceruloplasmin - increased urinary excretion of copper - increase in hepatic copper content; 40% have neurologic findings (Parkinson’s - psychosis) and subclinical liver.
439. Winter’s formula is gives expected pCO2 (respiratory compensation) in uncomplicated metabolic acidosis; expected CO2=[HCO3]*1.54 + 8.36.
440. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is X-linked characterized by triad of eczema - thrombocytopenia (from autoantibodies) - and repeated infections; small platelets (3-5 fL); failure to express sialic acid-rich glycoprotein - sialophorin or CD15 - ending in early death.
441. Wolf-Chaikkoff Effect: High iodine inhibiting thyroxine synthesis.
442. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia caused by conduction through abnormal accessory bypass tract (bundle of Kent) between atria and ventricles characterized by triad of 1. wide QRS complex - 2. Relatively short PR interval - 3. Slurring of initial part of QRS delta wave; in familial WPW - associated with mutation in gamma2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (PRKAG2).
443. Wolman disease is lysosomal acid lipase deficiency hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides in the lysosome leading to mild mental retardation - hepatomegaly - adrenal calcification - fatal in infancy with inanition - malabsorption - and intractable diarrhea.
444. Wright’s stain is stain used for blood and bone marrow films.

Medical Eponyms Letter V

407. Van der Woude syndrome is an AD condition in which lip pits are seen in all gene carriers but only some individuals have cleft lips with or without cleft palate owing to variable expressivity.
408. Van Wyk-Grumbach syndrome is primary hypothyroidism associated with precocious puberty and galactorrhea.
409. Vater - ampulla is location where common bile duct enters the duodenum; described by German anatomist Vater (1684-1751).
410. Vater - ampulla is location where common bile duct enters the duodenum; described by German anatomist Vater (1684-1751).
411. Vincent’s infection is acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis - occurring in patients with decreased resistance to infection - from concurrent infection with the symbiotic bacteria Fusobacterium fusiforme and Borrelia vincentii.
412. Virchow’s node is supraclavicular adenopathy associated with a malignancy - often on left side - associated with stomach cancer among other neoplasms but also GI and pelvic malignancies in general. First described by Virchow in 1848 - more cases added by Troisier in 1886; referred to as Troisier’s node in France.
413. Voight - lines of is boundaries which delimit distribution area of main cutaneous nerves; seen in black and Asian skin and rarely in white subjects.
414. Volkmann contracture is sequelae of compartment syndrome post-supracondylar fracture of humerus dut to brachial artery compression where there is contraction of forearm flexors.
415. Von Braun-Fernwald’s sign is Piskacek’s sign.
416. Von Graefe sign is in Graves’s disease - lag of the upper eyelid as it follows the rotation of the eyeball downward.
417. Von Meyenburg complexes is close to or within portal tracts - small clusters of modestly dilated bile ducts embedded in a fibrous - sometimes hyalinized stroma; contain inspissated bile concrements and may communicate with the biliary tree; common and usually without clinical significance.
418. Von Recklinghausen’s disease is generalized neurofibromatosis.
419. Von Willebrand factor is vWF bridges collagen and platelets and favors platelet aggregation - ensuring platelet and vessel wall interactions; glycoprotein Ib-IX major receptor for vWF; vWF also serves as carrier for factor VIII; made in endothelial cells and megakaryocytes.
420. Von Willebrand’s disease is deficiency in von Willebrand factor; frequency of 1% - most common inherited disorder of bleeding; type 1 and 3 reduced quantity of vWF; type 2 qualitative defects in vWF.Kussmaul’s respiration is hyperpnea - associated with acidosis - especially DKA but also in uremia.

Medical Eponyms Letter U

405. Uhl’s anomaly is paper thin parietal myocardium - usually but not always limited to right ventricle - presents as heart failure in infancy or early childhood.
406. Unna boot is compression dressing impregnated with medication for treating venous stasis ulcers; named after Paul Gerson Unna - German dermatologist 1850-1929.

Medical Eponyms Letter T

386. Takayasu’s disease is aortic arch syndrome - pulseless disease; panartertis of the great vessels that’s most common in Asian women.
387. Tamm-Horsfall protein is uromodulin - major component of renal casts; 30-50 mg secreted per day by cells in thick ascending limb; homologous to GP2 - a protein secreted from the acinar cell and a major component of plugs in noncalcific chronic pancreatitis.
388. Tangier disease is rare recessive disease characterized by enlarged orange tonsils - peripheral neuropathy affecting small fibers involved in pain and temperature - and a near-complete absence of HDL-cholesterol; ABC1 - the ATP binding-cassette transporter 1 gene - mutated in Tagier disease; gene mediates efflux of cholesterol from cells; named after Small Island in Chesapeake Bay where disease first identified in five-year-old boy.
389. Tarlov cyst is perineural cyst found in the lower spinal cord.
390. The Mentzer index is used to differentiate iron deficiency anemia from beta thalassemia. It is calculated from the results of a complete blood count. If the quotient of the mean corpuscular volume divided by the red blood cell count is less than 13, thalassemia is more likely. If the result is greater than 14, then iron-deficiency anemia is more likely.
391. Thompson's test is verifies if gastroc-soleus complex intact; squeeze calf belly - foot should plantar flex.
392. Thomsen’s disease is myotonia congenita - autosomal dominant.
393. Thorel’s pathway is posterior internodal tract in atrial conduction system.
394. Tinel's sign is a way to detect irritated nerves. It is performed by lightly tapping (percussing) over the nerve to elicit a sensation of tingling or "pins and needles" in the distribution of the nerve. For example, in carpal tunnel syndrome where median nerve is compressed at the wrist, Tinel's sign is often "positive" causing tingling in the thumb, index, and middle finger. Tinel's sign is sometimes referred to as "distal tingling on percussion" or DTP.
395. Toldt - white lines of is the peritoneal reflections of the ascending and descending colon.
396. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is idiopathic inflammation of the cavernous sinus producing painful palsy of third - fourth - or sixth cranial nerve.
397. Tourette’s syndrome is chronic multiple motor and verbal tics - symptoms typically begin before 21 y.o. - first signs motor tics in 80% and vocal tics in 20% but eventually both motor and vocal; higher than expected number of left-handedness and ambidexterity; 40-50% involve self-mutilation such as nail-biting - hair-pulling - etc.
398. TRALI syndrome is Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury; transfusion reaction occurring within 6 hours after transfusion of blood product - characterized by pulmonary edema; due to anti-granulocyte antibodies in donor’s plasma causing pulmonary sequestration of recipient leukocytes in susceptible patient.
399. Treacher Collins syndrome is first arch syndrome - mandibulofacial dysplasia - caused by autosomal dominant gene - resulting in malar hypoplasia with down-slanting palpebral fissures - defects in the lower eyelids - deformed external ears - and sometimes abnormalities of the middle and internal ears.
400. Trendelenburg position is position where angle of the head of bed or table is inclined at 45 degrees down; used in surgery to push the abdominal organs towards the chest.
401. Trendelenburg position is position where angle of the head of bed or table is inclined at 45 degrees down; used in surgery to push the abdominal organs towards the chest.
402. Trendelenburg’s gait is waddling gait in people with weakness or paresis of gluteal muscles; seen in progressive muscular dystrophy.
403. Trietz - ligament of is the suspensory muscle of the duodenum which supports the duodenojejunal flexure.
404. Turner’s syndrome is females with XO - short - low-set ears - shield chest - congenital heart defect (usually coarctation) - café-au-lait spots - freckles - webbed neck - lymphedema.

Medical Eponyms Letter S

343. San Joaquin valley fever is coccidiomycosis (from infection with Coccidiomycosis imites).
344. Santorini’s fissures is fissures in anterior aspect of cartilaginous portion of ear canal through which neurovascular tissues pass; may allow spread of ear disease to parotid joint - TMJ - soft tissues of upper neck.
345. Sappey - veins of is retroperitoneal veins located around liver and diaphragm connecting epigastric and internal mammary veins with azygos and which become dilated in portal hypertension.
346. Schafer’s maneuver is extensor plantar response by squeezing Achilles tendon suggesting upper motor neuron defect.
347. Scheie’s syndrome is mucopolysaccharidosis (I S) - from alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency (same as Hurler’s syndrome) - milder than Hurler’s syndrome - resulting in corneal clouding - stiff joints - aortic valve disease - normal intelligence and potentially normal life span.
348. Schick’s test is for testing immune status to Cornyebacterium diphtheriae - intradermal injection of 0.1 mL of purified standardized toxin; if no inflammation - antitoxin present.
349. Schilder’s disease is adrenoleukodystrophy - X-linked disorder - presents in childhood with weakness - spasticity - leading to dementia - blindness - and quadriparesis - associated with adrenal insufficiency; from defect in beta-oxidation of fatty acids in peroxisomes leading to accumulation of very long-chain saturated fatty acids.
350. Schwachman-Diamond syndrome is combination of neutropenia - metaphyseal dysplasia - and pancreatic insufficiency - associated with recurrent infections beginning in the first year of life in the sinuses - bones - lungs - skin and urinary tract; associated with increased risk of aplasia - myelodysplasia - and leukemia; life expectancy is 35 years.
351. Schwartz’s dictum is no acid - no ulcer.
352. Second disease is Scarlet fever - aka Scarlatina - caused by Strep pyogenes exotoxin - first described in 1626.
353. Sellick’s maneuver is cricoid pressure during intubation.
354. Senear-Usher syndrome is pemphigus erythematosus; a localized variety of pemphigus foliaceus confined to seborrheic sites.
355. Siegrist streaks is linear hyperpigmented areas over choroidal vessels in hypertensive retinopathy.
356. Silk Road disease is Behçet’s disease.
357. Simon focus is in tuberculosis - nodule in subapical region which develops from hematogenous spread from initial infection in lower half of lung.
358. Sipple’s syndrome is MEN type IIa; pheochromacytoma - medullary carcinoma of the thyroid - and hyperparathyroidism due to hyperplasia or tumor.
359. Sipple’s syndrome is MEN type IIa; pheochromocytoma - medullary carcinoma of the thyroid - and hyperparathyroidism due to hyperplasia or tumor.
360. Sly’s syndrome is mucopolysaccharidosis (VII) - from beta-glucoronidase deficiency - resulting in hepatosplenomegaly - physical deformity from defect in degradation of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate.
361. Sneddon-Wilkinson disease is subcorneal pustular dermatosis; rare - chronic - recurrent pustular eruption characterized by subcorneal pustules that contain abundant neutrophils.
362. Spanish flu is 1918 influenza with 20-100 million deaths worldwide with 2.5% mortality (influenza normally 0.1% mortality).
363. Spider leg appearance of caluces on IVP is suggestive of – (PCKD) RENAL CYST.
364. Spigelian hernia is hernia through the linea semilunaris - aka spontaneous lateral ventral hernia.
365. Spurling’s test is for diagnosing cervical radiculopathy - exerting downward pressure on the head while rotating the head towards the symptomatic side creating pain radiating into affected extremity.
366. St. Jude valve is prosthetic valve - bileaflet - with two semicircular discs that pivot between open and closed positions without supporting struts - first used in 1977.
367. St. Vitus’s dance is Sydenham’s chorea.
368. Starr-Edwards valve is ball and cage valve - oldest prosthetic valve in continuous use - first used in 1965.
369. Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome is aka progressive supranuclear palsy.
370. Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome is aka progressive supranuclear palsy.
371. Stein-Leventhal syndrome is polycystic ovarian disease.
372. Stellwag’s sign is incomplete and infrequent blinking in Graves’s disease.
373. Stevens-Johnson syndrome is extensive and symptomatic febrile form of erythema multiforme - more common in children; 1-6 cases/million person-years.
374. Stiff-man syndrome is chronic disorder of involuntary stiffness - painful muscle spasms - and rigidity - predominantly in the axial muscles; often occurs in conjunction with autoimmune diseases - particularly type I diabetes - associated with circulating antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase.
375. Stockholm syndrome is victims sympathizing with victimizer - e.g. - kidnapper; described after incident in summer of 1973 in Stockholm where hostages were taken in a failed bank robbery and after end of their captivity in six days - the hostages resisted rescue.
376. Stoppa repair is hernia repair using tension-free intraparietal prosthetic mesh.
377. Stransky’s sign is involuntary dorsiflexion of the toes after firmly abducting the 5th digit for 2 seconds - and then acutely letting it go in upper motor neuron defects.
378. Stroop test is stress test - also used for checking frontal function - where patients are tested for the ability to read off the text color of text spelling potentially different colors.
379. Stuart factor is factor X.
380. Sudeck’s syndrome is reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome occurring in older people characterized by cystic changes and subchondral erosion in bone - diffuse osteoporosis - and muscle atrophy - but not necessarily associated with trauma.
381. Sugiura procedure is for treating esophageal varices - esophageal and gastric devascularization - esophageal transaction
382. Susac syndrome is microangiopathy of the inner ear - retina - and brain leading to deafness - retinal artery occlusion - and encephalopathy.
383. Swedish porphyria is acute intermittent porphyria.
384. Swyer-James syndrome is in pediatrics - acquired hypoplastic lung that develops after severe obliterative bronchiolitis associated with bronchiolar obstruction - bronchiectasis - and distal air-space destruction.
385. Syme’s amputation is amputation at the ankle with removal of the malleoli and placement of the heel pad over the end of the remaining tibia; devised in 1842.

Medical Eponyms Letter R

314. Ramirez sign is in deep vein thrombosis - sphygmomanometer cuff placed above knee inflated to 40 mm Hg causing pain at site of thrombosis.
315. Ransons’ criteria is for evaluating acute pancreatitis at presentation - age>55; WBC>16000; glucose>200; AST>250; LDH>350. During initial 48 hrs - base deficit>4; BUN increase>5; fluid sequestration>6L; Ca <8;>10; pO2<60.
316. Rapoport-Luebering shunt is in red blood cells - pathway converting 1 -3-diphosphoglyceric acid to 2 -3-DPG and then to 3-phosphoglyceric acid; enzyme is diphosphoglycerate synthetase; 2 -3-DPG reduces affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen; 2 -3-DPG rises with alkalosis and decreases with acidosis - result of effect of pH on enzyme.
317. Rasmussen’s encephalitis is progressive childhood disease characterized by severe epilepsy - hemiplegia - dementia - and inflammation of the brain potentially from autoantibodies to GluR3 antigen.
318. Raspberry tumor - other name for - umbilical adenoma - congenital.
319. Raynaud’s phenomenon is exaggerated vascular response to cold temperatures or emotional stress - manifested by symmetrical - sharply demarcated color changes of the skin of the digits due to abnormal vasoconstriction of digital arteries and cutaneous arterioles.
320. Rebuck skin window is dermal abrasion technique for testing tissue penetration of neutrophils - scraping forearm - then putting coverslip over it - checking glass for neutrophils.
321. Regan Isoenzyme is Placental Alkaline Phosphatase(a2-heat stable form of ALP). Shows ‘Uncompetitive inhibition’ with phenylalanine.
322. Reichert’s cartilage is branchial arch 2.
323. Reinke crystals is in 25% of Leydig cell tumors - intracytoplasmic rod-shaped crystalloids.
324. Reinke’s edema is vocal cord polyposis in female smokers - 50s-70s.
325. Reiter’s syndrome is triad of arthritis - urethritis - and conjunctivitis described by Reiter in 1916 (Nazi sympathizer); 80% possess HLA-B27; associated with Shigella flexneri; ReA develops in 20% of exposed B27+ individuals; subset of reactive arthritis; triad present in 1/3 of patients; incidence estimated as 3.5/100K in males under age of 50; balanitis circinata (penis) and keratoderma blenorrhagica.
326. Retzius - veins of is numerous small veins in the retroperitoneum that connect the retroperitoneal viscera to the posterior abdominal wall; dilated in portal hypertension.
327. Reynold’s (Reynaud’s ) pentad is Charcot’s triad plus altered mental status and shock in cholangitis.
328. Reynolds' pentad is a collection of signs and symptoms suggesting the diagnosis of septic (ascending) cholangitis, a serious infection of the biliary system. It is a combination of Charcot's triad (jaundice, fever, abdominal pain) with hypotension (shock - low blood pressure) and an altered mental state. It was named after the surgeon, B.M. Reynolds, who described it.
329. Riddoch’s sign is in cerebellar disease - with outstretched hands - the hand on the affected side begins to hyperpronate - so that the palm faces outward - and rises above the level of the other hand.
330. Rigler's sign, also known as the double wall sign, is seen on an x-ray of the abdomen when air is present on both sides of the intestine; a Rigler's sign is present when air is present on the inside (lumenal side) and the outside (peritoneal side). Air in the peritoneum is considered abnormal, unless the patient had a recent abdominal surgery. A false double wall sign can result from two loops of bowel being in contact with one another.
331. Riley-Day syndrome is hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type III (familial dysautonomia) - recessive disorder that commences in infancy and is characterized by conspicuous autonomic dysfunction (absent tearing - labile temperature - and blood pressure) - and accompanied by absent taste sensation - absent fungiform papillae on tongue - impaired pain and temperature sensation - and areflexia; occurs among Ashkenazi; associated with mutation in IKBKAP gene.
332. Robison’s Ester is Glucose-6-Phosphate (See Cori’s Ester, Neuberg Ester and Harden-Young Ester).
333. Roger’s disease is small congenital VSD defect <0.5>
334. Romaña’s sign is in the first week of Chagas disease - unilateral periorbital edema and swelling of the eyelid associated with reduviid bug of eye.
335. Rosenthal fibers is inclusions that develop in astrocytes in chronic reactive and neoplastic proliferations; abundant in Alexander’s disease.
336. Rosenthal fibers is inclusions that develop in astrocytes in chronic reactive and neoplastic proliferations; abundant in Alexander’s disease.
337. Ross’s syndrome is tonic pupils (generally bilateral) - anhydrosis - and areflexia which may appear in a different pattern distribution; possible link with Holmes-Adie syndrome.
338. Rothmann-Makai syndrome is a variant of idiopathic lobular panniculitis seen in infants - tends to be localized and spontaneously resolves; associated with autoimmune diseases such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis - diabetes - and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
339. Rotor’s syndrome is poorly defined defects in hepatic uptake and storage of bilirubin; resembles Dubin-Johnson syndrome - but liver pigment missing.
340. Rovsing's sign is a sign of appendicitis. If palpation of the lower left quadrant of a person's abdomen results in more pain in the right lower quadrant, the patient is said to have a positive Rovsing's sign and may have appendicitis. This anomaly occurs because the pain nerves deep in the intestines do not localize well to an exact spot on the abdominal wall, unlike pain nerves in muscles. Pain from a stomach ulcer or gallstone can be interpreted by the brain as pain from the stomach, liver, gall bladder, duodenum, or first part of the small intestine. It will "refer" pain often to the mid upper abdomen. Because the appendix is a piece of intestine, it follows a similar referral pattern.
341. RSH syndrome is Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.
342. Ruffini’s corpuscles are sensory receptors for heat.

Medical Eponyms Letter Q

313. Quincke's sign - pulsation of the capillary bed in the nail - seen in aortic regurgitation.

Medical Eponyms Letter P

288. Paget’s disease of bone is osteitis deformans - characterized by initial osteolytic stage followed by a mixed osteoclastic-osteoblastic stage - which ends with osteoblastic activity and evolves into a burnt-out osteosclerotic stage; increased alkaline phosphatase and increased urine hydroxyproline.
289. Paget’s disease of breast is breast cancer involving nipple and areola - appears as eczematous rash over breast with crusting - scaling - or erosion.
290. Paget’s disease of vulva is intraepithelial adenocarcinoma - less than 1% of all vulva malignancies.
291. Pancoast’s tumor is apical lung cancers in the superior pulmonary sulcus which invade neural structures around the trachea - including the cervical sympathetic plexus - leading to severe pain in distribution of the ulnar nerve and Horner’s syndrome on same side of the lesion.
292. PANDAS is Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections. Consists of tics - movement disorders - emotional-lability - and obsessive-compulsive behavior associated with streptococcal infection. Caused by IgG antibodies which recognize group A streptococcal cell wall proteins as well as neuronal cytoplasmic antigens of the basal ganglia. Related to Sydenham's chorea.
293. Paneth cells is in small intestine crypts - cells with apically oriented bright eosinophilic granules and which appear to play a role in the mucosal immune system.
294. Parinaud’s oculoglandular syndrome is preauricular node enlargement associated with chronic granulomatous conjunctivitis; atypical form of cat scratch disease from inoculation near eye.
295. Parinaud’s syndrome is dorsal midbrain syndrome with supranuclear vertical gaze disorder from damage to posterior commissure with loss of upgaze - convergence-retraction nystagmus - downward ocular deviation - lid retraction - due to hydrocephalus from aqueductal stenosis - pineal region tumors.
296. Parkland formula is total body surface area % burned x kg x 4; 1/2 in first 8 hours - second 1/2 given next 16 hours.
297. Parkland formula is total body surface area % burned x kg x 4; 1/2 in first 8 hours - second 1/2 given next 16 hours.
298. Pautrier’s microabcesses is q.v. Sézary-Lutzner cells.
299. Pendred’s syndrome is autosomal recessive goiter and congenital sensorineural deafness from mutation in pendrin - a transport protein that affects organification of thyroglobulin; also malformations of cochlea and hypothyroidism (40%); pendrin involved in transport of chloride and iodide.
300. Pfeiffer syndrome is craniosynostoses as well as limb defects - mutations in FGFR1 - broad thumbs - broad great toes.
301. Pick bodies is in neurons - cytoplasmic - round to oval - filamentous inclusions that strongly stain with silver - weakly eosinophilic; composed of neurofilaments - vesiculated endoplasmic reticulum - and paired helical filaments that are immunocytochemically similar to those found in Alzheimer’s; don’t survive death of host neuron like they do in Alzheimer’s.
302. Pickwickian syndrome is obesity hypoventilation syndrome defined by extreme obesity and alveolar hypoventilation during wakefulness - characterized by hypersomnolence - dyspnea - hypoxemia (cyanosis - polycythemia - and plethora) - and pulmonary hypertension leading to RV failure and edema; based upon Charles Dickens’ book “The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club” and the character Joe who was a “wonderfully fat boy - standing upright with his eyes closed”.
303. Pink disease is acrodynia - occurs from exposure to high concentrations of mercury vapor - characterized by a body rash - swelling and irritation of palms and feet followed by skin desquamation - irritability - photophobia - fever - insomnia and profuse sweating - which may also follow oral exposure to mercury compounds.
304. POEMS syndrome is polyneuropathy - organomegaly - endocrinopahty - M protein - and skin changes which may be seen in plasma cell dyscrasias; also known as Crow-Fukase syndrome in Japan.
305. Poiseuille’s law is flow proportional to fourth power of radius - inversely proportional to length.
306. Pott’s disease is tuberculous involvement of the spine; occurs in about 2% of TB cases.
307. Potter’s sequence is from oligohydramnios (from e.g. renal agenesis - amniotic leak) leading to amnion nodosum - fetal compression which leads to pulmonary hypoplasia - altered facies - positioning defects of feet - hands - and breech presentation.
308. Prader-Willi syndrome is deletion of 15q11-q13 - paternally derived; uncontrollable hyperphagia after 12 months.
309. Prehn's sign is elevation of painful testicle decreases pain of epididymitis.
310. Preiser disease is spontaneous - non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the scaphoid bone.
311. Pringle maneuver is clamping of porta hepatis to control hemorrhage.
312. Pulfrich phenomenon is misperception of trajectory of moving objects (an optical illusion that can be elicited in normal subjects) - can be associated with optic neuritis.

Medical Eponyms Letter O

282. Occam’s razor is described in 14th century - “plurality must not be posited without necessity -” in other words - parsimony in diagnosis.
283. Oliver’s sign is in aortic aneurysm - pulsation of aorta felt through cricoid cartilage when chin is elevated.
284. Oppenheim’s sign is involuntary dorsiflexion of the toes when stroking the medial/anterior tibial surface superiorly to inferiorly - indicating upper motor neuron defect.
285. Ortner’s syndrome is hoarseness from compression of left recurrent laryngeal nerve by a greatly dilated left atrium (e.g. - in mitral stenosis) - enlarged tracheobronchial lymph nodes - and dilated pulmonary artery.
286. Osler’s nodes is tender to painful - purplish - split pea-sized - subcutaneous nodules in the pulp of the fingers and/or toes and thenar and hypothenar eminences; transient - disappearing within several days (5% of patients); in acute bacterial endocarditis - associated with minute infective emboli; aspiration may reveal the causative organism; in subacute bacterial endocarditis - associated with immune complexes and small-vessel arteritis of skin.
287. Osler-Weber-Rendu disease is hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia - larger lesions can be a source of chronic blood loss - systemic emboli - hypoxemia - hepatic dysfunction - and a high-output cardiac failure; important risk factor for brain abscess - especially in affected patients with clubbing - cyanosis - and/or polycythemia; use e--aminocaproic acid (an antifibrinolytic agent).

Medical Eponyms Letter N

276. Nägele’s rule is means of estimating date of delivery by counting back 3 months from the first day of the last menstrual period and adding seven days; full term 38 weeks after fertilization - 40 weeks after LNMP.
277. Naxos disease is initially described on Greek island of Naxos - synrome of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy - non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma - and woolly hair - due to deletion in plakoglobin - protein in adherens and desmosomal junctions.
278. Neuberg Ester is Fructose-6-Phosphate.
279. Nijmegen breakage syndrome is primary immunodeficiency autosomal recessive disorder that presents as microcephaly - a distinctive “bird-like” facies - growth retardation - recurrent pulmonary infections - chromosomal instability - radiation hypersensitivity - and increased incidence of malignancies - especially lymphomas from mutation in nibrin protein - a protein involved in DNA repair; cellular defect similar to ataxia-telangiectasia.
280. Nissen fundoplication is for treating gastroesophageal reflux disease - surrounding lower end of esophagus with cuff of gastric fundal muscle to increase lower esophageal sphincter competence.
281. Nothnagel’s syndrome is injury to superior cerebellar peduncle causing ipsilateral oculomotor palsy and contralateral cerebellar ataxia.