Medical Eponyms Letter L

197. La Crosse encephalitis is transmitted by tree hole mosquito - Aedes trisereiatus and causes most common arboviral infection in children in N. America; hyponatremia and fever associated with worse outcome.
198. Lachman maneuver is for diagnosing ACL tear - pull on tibia in anterior direction with knee flexed at 20-25 degrees (if tibia slides anteriorly >2 mm - positive).
199. Lafora’s disease is progressive myoclonus epilepsy - autosomal recessive - onset teenage years - characterized by seizures and cumulative neurological deterioration - death usually within ten years of first symptoms; associated with intracellular inclusions (Lafora bodies); associated with mutation in gene EPM2A.
200. Lafora’s disease is progressive myoclonus epilepsy - autosomal recessive - onset teenage years - characterized by seizures and cumulative neurological deterioration - death usually within ten years of first symptoms; associated with intracellular inclusions (Lafora bodies); associated with mutation in gene EPM2A.
201. Lambert - canals of is direct accessory bronchioalveolar connections.
202. Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome is disease of neuromuscular junction associated with paraneoplastic process with proximal muscle weakness that improves with repetitive stimulation; associated with P/Q type presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channel antibodies; 70% have malignancy - usually small cell cancer.
203. Landolfi’s sign is in aortic regurgitation - systolic contraction and diastolic dilation of the pupil.
204. Lassa fever is hemorrhagic fever caused by Lassa virus - first isolated in 1969 in Nigeria - an arenavirus - spread through contact with secretions (e.g. - urine) from infected rats; fatality 15-20% of hospitalized patients; can be treated with ribavirin.
205. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease is self-limiting hip disorder of children - 4-8 y.o. (M:F 8:1) involving vascular compromise of the capital femoral epiphysis; perhaps some aseptic necrosis action too.
206. Lennec Cirrhosis is Alcoholic Cirrhosis.
207. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is childhood seizure disorder associated with multiple seizure types (including drop attacks - atypical absences general tonic clonic seizures - and myoclonus) - slow generalized spike-and-slow-wave EEG - mental retardation - and resistant to standard anti-epileptic medications.
208. Leriche’s syndrome is aortoiliac occlusive disease producing distal ischemic symptoms and signs - e.g. pulseless femoral artery: 1. claudication of buttocks - 2. Impotence - 3. Atrophy of buttocks (seen with iliac occlusive disease).
209. Lesch Nyhan Syndrome is complete deficiency of HGPRTase involved in salvage pathway for synthesis of nucleotides, resulting in self mutilation, mental changes, gout, hyperuricemia etc.
210. Lewis blood group system is named after Mrs. Lewis - pregnant woman in whom anti-Lea was discovered by Mourant in 1946; Functions of antigens in this system are unknown.
211. Leydig cell tumors is testicular tumor derived from the stroma - may find Reinke crystals (q.v.)
212. Leydig cell tumors is testicular tumor derived from the stroma - may find Reinke crystals.
213. Lhermitte-Duclos disease (AIIMS 2008) is dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma; associated with germ line PTEN mutations; felt to be a part of multiple hamartoma syndrome or Cowden’s syndrome. MRI typically showing “Tiger Striped Pattern”. There is increased lactic acid, increased uptake of FDG18 in PET. LDD is diffuse hypertrophy of the granular cell layer of cerebellum.
214. Lieberkühn - crypts of, is intestinal glands found between villi.
215. Lisker’s sign is in thrombophlebitis or deep vein thrombosis - tenderness to percussion of the medial anterior tibial surface.
216. Lobry de bruyn- Van Ekenstein Reaction is the interconversion of sugars especially glucose, fructose and mannose in mild alkaline medium by formation of an intermediate ‘enediol’ compound.
217. Lockwood's operation - a type of LOW operation done for femoral hernia.
218. Looser’s zones is radiolucent narrow lines that lie either at right angles or obliquely to the cortical outlines of bones and often transect them; bilateral and symmetric - found at the axillary margins of the scapula - lower ribs - neck of the proximal femurs - and posterior regions of the proximal ulnas; related either to stress fractures or to mechanical erosion by penetrating nutrient arteries; aka Milkman’s fractures.
219. Lorenzo’s oil is after Lorenzo Odone - diagnosed with adrenoleukodystrophy in 1984 - the triglycerides of monounsaturated oleic acid and erucic acid 4:1 - felt to reduce very long chain fatty acids to normal levels in ALD.
220. Louis - angle of is sternal angle.
221. Louvel’s sign is in deep vein thrombosis - venous pain induced by coughing - prevented by pressing over proximal end of vein.
222. Lowe’s syndrome is X-linked - oculocerebrorenal syndrome characterized by congenital cataracts - mental retardation - renal tubular acidosis type 2; from defect in lipid phosphatase - phosphatidylinositol 4 -5 bisphosphate [PtdIns(4 -5)P2]5-phosphatase - which localizes to the Golgi apparatus and is suspected to play a role in Golgi vesicular transport.
223. Lowenberg’s sign is in deep vein thrombosis - two calves are wrapped with cuffs to if there is assymetry in tolerance to pressure of 180 mm Hg.
224. Lugol’s solution is 5% iodine and 10% KI - a dose of 6.3 mg of I per drop - for giving iodine.
225. Lundberg A wave is in ICP monitoring - waves that have a duration of 5-20 minutes and an amplitude of 50 mm Hg over the baseline ICP - after which ICP is reset to a higher baseline level; sign of severely compromised intracranial compliance and can result in significant decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure and herniation.
226. Lyme disease is inflammatory disease caused by spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi - spread by Ixodes tick - characterized by early local disease with erythema migrans - myalgias - followed by early disseminated disease characterized by carditis - neurologic findings (lymphocytic meningitis - cranial nerve palsies - also Bannwarth’s syndrome) - and late disease characterized by arthralgias and arthritis.
227. Lynch syndrome I is cancer family syndrome with multiple colon cancers 2 to 3 decades earlier - predilection for proximal colon; Lynch syndromes most common forms of familial colon cancer - 5-10% of all cases of colon cancer; better prognosis than sporadic colon cancer; deficiency in mismatch repair genes in 85% of Lynch syndromes; autosomal dominant.
228. Lynch's syndrome I and II

Lynch syndrome I:----

Familial predisposition to colorectal cancer with right-sided predominance. Predominantly early-onset proximal colon carcinomas.

Lynch syndrome II:-----

Familial predisposition for other primary cancers in addition to the predisposition for colon cancer; site is often female reproductive organs. Predominantly early onset proximal colon carcinoma associated with other extracolonic adenocarcinomas, particularly endometrial carcinoma.
Both disorders are inherited as autosomal dominant traits.First described 1913 by Alder Scott Warthin, 1867-1931. Lynch syndrome II is cancer family syndrome - all features of Lynch I with early onset of carcinoma at other sites including endometrium - ovaries - and stomach - also upper tract TCC.