2. Cabrera’s sign is in left bundle branch block complicated by MI - notching at 0.05 s in ascending limb of S wave in V3 - V4; 27% sens for MI.
3. CADASIL is cerebral autosomal dominant arteropathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy - rare hereditary cause of stroke that may involve Notch3 gene characterized by recurrent strokes (usually infarcts) and dementia.
4. Cagot ear is absence of ear lobe; assocated with region in Pyrennes.
5. Call-Fleming syndrome is sudden-onset severe headache - focal neurological deficits - and seizures; associated with serotonin modulating drugs like SSRIs.
6. Calot’s triangle is the area bordered by the 1. cystic duct - 2. common hepatic duct - 3. lower edge of the liver; cystic artery - sometimes hepatic artery found here.
7. Canavan disease is autosomal recessive infantile spongy degeneration of the brain with Alzheimer type II cells - increased prevalence among Ashkenazi from mutation in aspartoacylase leading to increased levels of N-acetylaspartic acid - described in 1931.
8. Capgras syndrome is delusional belief that one or a few highly familiar people have been replaced by impostors who are physically very similar to the originals; seen rarely in schizophrenia.
9. Carnett’s test is head raise - tenderness persists in abdominal wall condition (rectus hematoma) whereas pain due to intraperitoneal disease lessens.
10. Carney complex is AD complex of cardiac myxomas with aggressive biologic behavior - spotty pigmentation - and association with endocrine tumors (causing e.g. - Cushing syndrome); mutations in PRKAR1alpha gene (a protein kinase) account for half of the cases; unrelated to Carney syndrome.
11. Carney syndrome (or triad) is nonfamilial disorder the includes combination of three rare tumors: gastric leiomyosarcoma - pulmonary chondroma - extraadrenal paraganglioma but no cardiac manifestations; unrelated to Carney complex.
12. Castellani’s paint is topical fungicidal and bactericidal mixture of resorcinol (8 g) - acetone (4 mL) - magenta (0.4 g) - phenol (4 g) - boric acid (0.8 g) - industrial methylated spirit 90% (8.5 mL) - and water (to 100 mL); particularly effective against intertriginous tinea and acute Candida paronychia; named after Sir Aldo Castellani.
13. Castle intrinsic factor is intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells - which binds luminal B12 and permits its absorption in the ileum.
14. Chadwick’s sign is blue-red passive hyperemia of the cervix that may appear after 7th week of pregnancy; may be seen in association with tumor; results from congestion of mucosa and most visible in anterior vaginal wall.
15. Charcot’s joints is neurogenic joint degeneration - can be secondary to syphilis - peripheral neuropathy.
16. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is most common inherited peripheral neuropathy - 1/2500 - autosomal dominant - clinically heterogeneous disorder characterized by slowly progressive atrophy of the distal muscles - mainly those innervated by peroneal nerve; progressive weakness of varying intensity and atrophy of the muscles of the feet - hands - and legs - leading to pes cavus - clawhand - and stork-leg appearance - usually beginning in the 2nd or 3rd decade. Enlarged greater auricular nerves may be visible and enlarged ulnar and peroneal nerves may be palpated in some patients. Cranial nerves rarely involved.
17. Charcot's triads, both of which are sets of clinical signs relating to 2 quite separate diseases. One pertains to multiple sclerosis while the other refers to ascending cholangitis. Charcot's triads are named for Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), the French neurologist who first described these combinations of signs in relation to these diseases. Charcot's triad 1: The combination of nystagmus, intention tremor, and scanning or staccato speech. This triad is sometimes associated with multiple sclerosis but is not, however, as previously considered by some authors, pathognomonic for multiple sclerosis.Charcot's triad 2: The combination of jaundice; fever, usually with rigors; and right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Occurs as a result of ascending cholangitis. When the presentation also includes hypotension and mental status changes, it is known as Reynolds' pentad.
18. Cheyne-Stokes breathing is regularly irregular pattern characterized by a progressive increase in the depth and at times frequency of respiration with a crescendo-decrescendo shape that eventually culminates in an apneic phase; seen in CHF but also in meningitis - CVA - pontine damage.
19. Christmas disease is hemophilia B - deficiency in factor IX.
20. Chvostek’s sign is hypocalcemia - in latent tetany - tapping the facial nerve against the bone just anterior to the ear producing ipsilateral contraction of facial muscles.
21. Civatte bodies is aka colloid bodies; in lichen planus; anucleate - necrotic basal cells becoming incorporated into the inflamed papillary epidermis.
22. Clara cells is cells found in the epithelium of terminal and respiratory bronchioles - devoid of cilia - present secretory granules in their apex and are known to secrete glycosoaminoglycans that probably protect the bronchiolar lining.
23. Claude’s syndrome is third nerve palsy combined with contralateral ataxia with midbrain infarction and injury to both red nucleus and superior cerebellar peduncle (includes signs of both Nothnagel’s and Benedikt’s syndrome).
24. Clay shoveler’s fracture is fracture of spinous process of C7.
26. Clerambault’s syndrome is erotomania - delusional belief that someone (usually of higher social status) is in love with the person.
27. Cockcroft-Gault formula is for calculating clearance based on creatinine - age - weight: [(140-age) x lean body weight (in kg)]/[plasma creatinine (in mg/dL) x 72]; in women - multipled by 0.85 because of smaller muscle mass.Riedel’s thyroiditis is unknown etiology - marked by glandular atrophy - hypothyroidism - and replacement of the thyroid by fibrous tissue with adhesion to surrounding structures.
28. Conn’s syndrome is primary hyperaldosteronism - caused by an aldosterone-secreting tumor - resulting in hypertension - hypokalemia - hypernatremia - metabolic alkalosis - and low plasma renin.
29. Conradi-Hunermann syndrome is chondrodysplasia punctata - characterized by stippled epiphyses from abnormal accumulation of calcium salts and skeletal changes.
30. Cori Cycle is regeneration of glucose in liver from lactate obtained in muscles from anaerobic glycolysis.
31. Cori’s disease is glycogen storage disease type III - deficiency in debranching enzyme - amylo-1 -6-glucosidase - leading to variable accumulation of glycogen in the liver - heart - or skeletal muscle - characterized by stunted growth - hepatomegaly - and hypoglycemia.
32. Cori’s Ester is Glucose-1-Phosphate.
33. Corrigan’s pulse is in aortic regurgitation - pulses are of the water-hammer or collapsing type with abrupt distension and quick collapse - can be exaggerated by raising the patient’s arm.
34. Costen’s syndrome is ear pain - tinnitus - impaired hearing - and dizziness from temporomandibular joint dysfunction.
35. Councilman bodies is in apoptosis - hepatocytes that round up to form shrunken - pyknotic - and intensely eosinophilic bodies.A Councilman body, also known as a Councilman hyaline body, is an eosinophilic globule often found in the liver of individuals suffering from yellow fever. Each Councilman body results from the apoptotic death of a single liver cell.Until recently the presence of Councilman bodies in a liver biopsy was thought to be sufficient evidence for a diagnosis of yellow fever. However, they have since been found also to be present in other viral hemorrhagic fevers along with acute viral hepatitis, and thus may no longer be considered as diagnostic for yellow fever. Councilman bodies are named after American pathologist William T. Councilman (1854-1933), who discovered them.
36. Crohn’s disease is transmural mucosal inflammation that may involve the entire GI tract from mouth to the perinanal area that often leads to fibrosis and obstructive clinical presentations; 80% small bowel involvement - usually distal ileum; 1/3 exclusively ileitis; 50% ileocolitis; and 20% disease limited to colon.
37. Cruveihiler-Baumgarten bruit is bruit heard over caput medusa in portal hypertension.
38. Cullen’s sign is a faintly blue coloration particularly of umbilicus as the result of retroperitoneal bleeding from any cause - but especially in ruptured ectopic pregnancy; also seen in acute pancreatitis (1-2%).
39. Curling’s ulcers is stress erosions and ulcers occurring in the proximal duodenum and associated with severe burns or trauma - from ischemia of the gastric mucosa.
40. Cushing’s disease is hypercortisolism from pituitary corticotropin-(ACTH)-secreting corticotroph tumors - almost always benign and usually microadenomas.
41. Cushing’s triad is signs of increased ICP 1. hypertension 2. bradycardia 3. irregular respirations.
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